Multiple stressors

Blue mussels and ocean quahogs from the Baltic Sea appeared to tolerate wide ranges of seawater temperature and ocean acidification over a period of 13 weeks. (Laboratory study)

Under conditions expected in the 21st century, global warming and ocean acidification will cause corals to become increasingly rare on reef systems. This review presents future [...]

Corals collected in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, exhibited a complex set of responses when exposed to ocean acidification conditions, different nutrient levels, and two different temperatures. For [...]

Marine phytoplankton have many characteristics, such as rapid cell division rates and large population sizes, that may enable them to adapt to ocean acidification and other types of global [...]

Health of Atlantic halibut may be affected by moderate ocean acidification—by itself and combined with warmer temperatures.

This study used Earth system models to examine how four of the major stressors of ocean ecosystems—warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and changes in primary productivity—may evolve over the [...]

Experiments with quahogs exposed to trace metal pollutants under ocean acidification conditions revealed complex interactions and indicated that variations in environmental CO2 may modulate the [...]

Ocean acidification increased the negative effects of cadmium pollution on the immune systems of quahogs and eastern oysters, potentially making them more vulnerable to pathogens and disease. [...]

Aerobic scope and cardiac performance of Atlantic halibut increased following 14–16 weeks exposure to elevated temperatures and even more so in combination with CO2-acidified seawater. However, [...]

Ocean acidification caused Eastern oysters and hard shell clams to accumulate more metal pollutants, which affected their physiology. (Laboratory study)