Larvae

Marine phytoplankton have many characteristics, such as rapid cell division rates and large population sizes, that may enable them to adapt to ocean acidification and other types of global [...]

When larvae of Mediterranean pteropods were cultured in pH 7.82 water, they had malformations and less shell growth. At pH 7.51, the larvae did not make shells but survived and showed normal [...]

In larval scallops, ocean acidification (pH 7.4–7.6) reduced survivorship by more than 50 percent. Low-oxygen water inhibited growth and metamorphosis. When exposed to both low oxygen and ocean [...]

A species of phytoplankton changed how it used carbon and energy when it was exposed to higher CO2 levels. The effects differed depending on whether the CO2 level change happened over 15-16 [...]

Some copepods (Calanus species) in the Arctic routinely encounter a range of seawater pH levels each day as they migrate vertically in the ocean; they were not severely affected when exposed [...]

Exposure of Atlantic herring larvae to ocean acidification conditions resulted in stunted growth and development, poorer condition, and severe tissue damage in many organs. The degree of damage [...]

Reproduction and larval development of two copepod species were sensitive to extreme ocean acidification conditions. The hatching rate tended to decrease, and mortality rate of young copepods [...]

Ocean acidification conditions did not affect survival, body size, or developmental speed of a copepod species during any of its life stages. Egg production and hatching rates also did not change [...]

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Spider crab larvae developed more slowly, grew less, and lower physiological fitness under increasing levels of ocean acidification conditions. (Laboratory study)