Scientific Literature

This study showed the effects of ocean acidification on ecosystems at coastal sites where volcanic CO2 vents lower the pH of the water. Along gradients of normal pH (8.1–8.2) to lowered pH (mean [...]

Reproduction and larval development of two copepod species were sensitive to extreme ocean acidification conditions. The hatching rate tended to decrease, and mortality rate of young copepods [...]

A brown seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) grew more slowly in ocean acidification conditions. Consumption of the seaweed by an isopod (Idotea emarginata) was not affected by ocean acidification or [...]

Ocean acidification conditions did not affect survival, body size, or developmental speed of a copepod species during any of its life stages. Egg production and hatching rates also did not change [...]

This study used two methods to estimate the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and ocean.

A non-bicarbonate using red seaweed grew more rapidly with increasing carbon dioxide. (Laboratory study)

This book provides a comprehensive summary of knowledge of the hard clam by experts in various disciplines.

Two species of phytoplankton (coccolithophores) had higher rates of deformities when pH of seawater in the laboratory was different from present-day ocean pH. Examination of geological samples of [...]

Between 1959 and 2008, 43 percent of each year’s carbon dioxide emissions remained in the atmosphere on average. The rest was absorbed by carbon sinks on land and in the ocean.

Some copepods (Calanus species) in the Arctic routinely encounter a range of seawater pH levels each day as they migrate vertically in the ocean; they were not severely affected when exposed [...]