Adults

Normally, common periwinkles produce thicker shells in the presence of crab predators. This study found that they did not do so when living in acidified seawater for 15 days. The snails [...]

In green sea urchins from the Baltic Sea, the spines appear to be vulnerable to ocean acidification, which might reduce the urchins’ protection against predators. Intestinal epithelia may [...]

The effects of ocean acidification on the growth and shell production by juvenile and adult shelled molluscs are variable among species and even within the same species, precluding the drawing of [...]

The Arctic spider crab (Hyas araneus) appears to have a threshold of ocean acidification beyond which it fails to acclimate. In a 10-week experiment, it had a limited ability to adjust to effects [...]

A species of phytoplankton changed how it used carbon and energy when it was exposed to higher CO2 levels. The effects differed depending on whether the CO2 level change happened over 15-16 [...]

When the Gulf toadfish was exposed to levels of ocean acidification that are projected to occur by 2300, it lost greater amounts of bicarbonate ions through its intestine. (Laboratory study)

Sea stars collected in Nova Scotia, Canada, grew more slowly under ocean acidification conditions, and their growth rate decreased further with a warmer temperature. In contrast, blue mussel grew [...]

Experiments with quahogs exposed to trace metal pollutants under ocean acidification conditions revealed complex interactions and indicated that variations in environmental CO2 may modulate the [...]

Ocean acidification conditions did not affect survival, body size, or developmental speed of a copepod species during any of its life stages. Egg production and hatching rates also did not change [...]

This book provides a comprehensive summary of knowledge of the hard clam by experts in various disciplines.