Copepods produced more eggs in warmer temperatures, but the increase was smaller when copepods were simultaneously exposed to warmer temperature and ocean acidification conditions (lower pH). When pH changed between egg production and hatching, fewer eggs hatched. Warmer egg production temperature induced a positive maternal effect and increased the egg ...

Bryozoan colonies that came from larger larvae survived better, grew faster, and reproduced sooner or produced more embryos than colonies that came from smaller larvae. These effects crossed generations, with colonies from larger larvae themselves producing larger larvae.

Exposure to extreme ocean acidification conditions (pH 6.95) did not affect growth of adult female copepods. However, only 4 percent of their eggs successfully yielded larvae.

Unlike most marine invertebrates, the common slipper shell broods its embryos in capsules. This study found that the capsules do not protect the embryos from ocean acidification. When brooded under ocean acidification conditions, larvae had shells that were 6 percent shorter, and the percentage of larvae with abnormalities was 1.5- ...

The copepod Calanus finmarchicus had reduced growth, development, and fecundity when exposed to ocean acidification conditions. However, offspring in the next generation did not have delayed development, suggesting that the species may have an ability to adapt to ocean acidification. The results also suggest that in a more acidified ocean ...

Corals collected in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, exhibited a complex set of responses when exposed to ocean acidification conditions, different nutrient levels, and two different temperatures. For example, female corals were more sensitive than males to elevated CO2 levels. Considering gender and spawning may be important when considering how populations of ...

Ocean acidification conditions did not affect survival, body size, or developmental speed of a copepod species during any of its life stages. Egg production and hatching rates also did not change among generations of females exposed to ocean acidification conditions. Thus, this copepod appears more tolerant to ocean acidification than ...

Adult copepods living in acidified water had lower egg production and hatching success. (Laboratory study)

A species of copepod (Tisbe battagliai) had decreased reproduction and growth when exposed to ocean acidification conditions. Over time, these changes could result in smaller brood sizes, smaller females, and perhaps later maturing females, which could destabilize the food web. (Laboratory study)

Energy availability and local adaptation are major components in mediating the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine species. In a long-term study, we investigated the effects of food availability and elevated pCO2 (ca. 400, 1000 and 3000 μatm) on growth of newly settled Amphibalanus (Balanus) improvisus to reproduction, and on their offspring. We also ...